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Ophthalmology

This conference may include discussion of commercial products and services.

The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the sponsor or its publisher. Please review complete prescribing information of specific drugs or combination of drugs, including indications, contraindications, warnings and adverse effects before administering pharmacologic therapy to patients.

Open Angle Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that cause damage to the optic nerve with specific patterns of visual field loss that can lead to blindness. Glaucoma subtypes include open angle glaucoma (OAG) and angle-closure glaucoma (ACG). OAG is further characterized into primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), normal tension glaucoma (NTG), and OAG caused by other conditions (i.e., secondary OAG). The most common type of glaucoma is primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). OAG affects 2.22 million Americans and POAG is
Authors: Enoch B. Kassa, M.D., and Yang Sun, M.D., Ph.D.
Estimated Time: 1 Hour
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Age-Related Cataract

Cataract is the leading cause of blindness in the world and it is responsible for an estimated 51% of world blindness, which represents about 20 million people. Most patients in the western world undergo surgical replacement of the lens with a synthetic intra-ocular lens before significant vision loss occurs. Cataract surgery is the most commonly performed surgery in the United States. . Unfortunately, developing countries do not possess enough resources to provide vision-sparing surgeries for
Authors: Enoch B. Kassa, M.D., and Yang Sun, M.D., Ph.D.
Estimated Time: 1 Hour
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Never Turn A Blind Eye: Amblyopia - causes, treatment and outcomes

Amblyopia, or “lazy eye,” is the most common cause of monocular visual impairment in both children and young adults. Amblyopia occurs when a disruption in the processing of visual information during a critical period of visual development leads to a unilateral or, less commonly, bilateral decline in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). The reduced vision in an amblyopic eye is unable to be improved with glasses, surgery or other interventions. Importantly, the diminished visual acuity (VA) cannot be attributed to any
Authors: Courtney L. Kraus, M.D., and Susan M. Culican, M.D., Ph.D.
Estimated Time: 1 Hour
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Physiology of Contact Lens Systems

All effort has been taken to be sure that diagnoses and treatments described below are accurate and in accord with current best clinical practices at the time of writing. However, in view of ever evolving practice patterns with evidence-based medicine, the reader is urged to always evaluate each case and treatment individually at the time of evaluation, and to always consult the most up-to-date sources including drug package inserts, etc., prior to embarking upon treatment. Glossary of Abbreviations (in order of
Authors: Barry A. Weissman, O.D., Ph.D.
Estimated Time: 1 Hour
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Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

It is estimated that approximately 7 million individuals in the U.S. have intermediate AMD and 1.75 million have advanced AMD. Although most individuals (approximately 80%) have the non-neovascular form (also known as the "dry" form), the neovascular form (or "wet" form) accounts for the majority of the cases with severe visual loss. One study revealed that the incidence of disease and its associated features increase with age and are low in individuals younger than 55 years.
Authors: Leon Charkoudian, M.D., and Joshua L. Dunaief, M.D., Ph.D.
Estimated Time: 1 Hour
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Ocular Lens Structure and Mechanisms of Cataract Formation: Part II

Although most cells in the adult lens are devoid of organelles and become quiescent, it is a mistake to treat this tissue as dead. The lens maintains layers of transcriptionally active cells and possesses active mechanisms for homeostasis, preserving proteins from photooxidation and aggregation throughout an individual's life. This is achieved through four major mechanisms: actively lowering oxygen content in the lens center synthesis of potent anti-oxidants scavenging reactive oxygen species synthesis of large amounts of molecular chaperones preserving protein
Authors: Val Shestopalov, Ph.D.
Estimated Time: 1 Hour
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Ocular Lens Structure and Mechanisms of Cataract Formation: Part I

The eye lens is a centerpiece of the refractive apparatus that provides accommodating power to focus vital visual information on the retina. This fascinating tissue is a living transparent matter with sophisticated morphology, which is achieved through the highly ordered development and the clearing away of light-scattering organelles from the bulk of lens fiber cells. The lens keeps growing throughout its entire lifespan and is designed in a unique way to preserve its transparency for decades. The transparent lens
Authors: Val Shestopalov, Ph.D.
Estimated Time: 1 Hour
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